• Najafi -Shoushtari et al . and Rayner et al . found that the small noncoding RNA microRNA-33 helps regulate cholesterol levels in mice.
• De Dreu et al . reported that the hormone oxytocin regulates defense-related aggression during intergroup conflict.
• Novarino et al . and Weinert et al . showed that transporters that import chloride ions in exchange for the export of protons control the function of intracellular vesicles in mammalian cells.
• Bloom et al . described mutations that led to the rise of drug resistance in seasonal H1N1 influenza.
  

NEUROSCIENCE/PSYCHOLOGY

The Fusogen EFF-1 Controls Sculpting of Mechanosensory Dendrites (4 June 2010)
M. Oren-Suissa et al.
In developing Caenorhabditis elegans during neuronal arborization, excess neurite branches are retracted and fuse.

Induction of Fear Extinction with Hippocampal-Infralimbic BDNF (4 June 2010)
J. Peters et al.
Pharmacological agents can be used to treat disorders of pathological fear without reactivating the original memory trace.

The Neuropeptide Oxytocin Regulates Parochial Altruism in Intergroup Conflict Among Humans (11 June 2010)
C. K. W. De Dreu et al.
A hypothalamic hormone modulates bonding within a group and defense-related aggression between competing groups.

Focal Lesions of Human Hippocampal CA1 Neurons in Transient Global Amnesia Impair Place Memory (11 June 2010)
T. Bartsch et al.
A rare syndrome elucidates the anatomy of navigation and spatial memory consolidation.

Dlg1-PTEN Interaction Regulates Myelin Thickness to Prevent Damaging Peripheral Nerve Overmyelination (11 June 2010)
L. Cotter et al.
To prevent too much myelin from causing trouble, two proteins act to limit insulation of axons.

Development of the Hippocampal Cognitive Map in Preweanling Rats (18 June 2010)
T. J. Wills et al.
Some aspects of spatial cognition develop very early and may be determined innately.

Development of the Spatial Representation System in the Rat (18 June 2010)
R. F. Langston et al.
Space and direction are already represented in specific neurons when rat pups navigate a location for the first time.
See related Perspective

Transition to Addiction Is Associated with a Persistent Impairment in Synaptic Plasticity (25 June 2010)
F. Kasanetz et al.
Loss of glutamate receptor–dependent synaptic plasticity in the brain is associated with the transition to cocaine addiction.

Incidental Haptic Sensations Influence Social Judgments and Decisions (25 June 2010)
J. M. Ackerman et al.
A seat-of-the-pants impression (tactile sensation influencing decisions) is a reality and not just a metaphor.


CELL/DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY

Meiotic Recombination Provokes Functional Activation of the p53 Regulatory Network (4 June 2010)
W.-J. Lu et al.
A tumor suppressor appears to protect against aberrant chromosome breakage during meiosis.

FCHo Proteins Are Nucleators of Clathrin-Mediated Endocytosis (4 June 2010)
W. M. Henne et al.
Membrane-sculpting proteins nucleate clathrin-coated pits during endocytosis.

Endosomal Chloride-Proton Exchange Rather Than Chloride Conductance Is Crucial for Renal Endocytosis (11 June 2010)
G. Novarino et al.
Lysosomal Pathology and Osteopetrosis upon Loss of H⁺-Driven Lysosomal Cl_– Accumulation (11 June 2010)
S. Weinert et al.
Chloride conductance and chloride-proton exchange have distinct effects on endolysosomal physiology in mice.
See related Perspective

Covering a Broad Dynamic Range: Information Processing at the Erythropoietin Receptor (11 June 2010)
V. Becker et al.
Modeling and experiments help to explain responsiveness of red blood cell precursors to very large changes in a proliferative signal.

Identification of Germline Stem Cells in the Ovary of the Teleost Medaka (18 June 2010)
S. Nakamura et al.
Ongoing follicle production is maintained by stem cells in an adult fish ovary.


MEDICINE

SphK1 Regulates Proinflamatory Responses Associated with Endotoxin and Polymicrobial Sepsis (4 June 2010)
P. Puneet et al.
Blockade of an enzyme that promotes inflammation results in protection from lethal sepsis.

Reassortment of Pandemic H1N1/2009 Influenza A Virus in Swine (18 June 2010)
D. Vijaykrishna et al.
Surveillance of pigs is important for tracking reassortment and emergence of influenza A viruses.

MicroRNA-33 and the SREBP Host Genes Cooperate to Control Cholesterol Homeostasis (18 June 2010)
S. H. Najafi -Shoushtari et al.
MiR-33 Contributes to the Regulation of Cholesterol Homeostasis (18 June 2010)
K. J. Rayner et al.
A small noncoding RNA helps regulate cholesterol levels in mice.
See related Perspective

Reconstituting Organ-Level Lung Functions on a Chip (25 June 2010)
D. Huh et al.
Endothelial and epithelial cells grown in a microfluidics apparatus mimic the alveolar-capillary interface of the lung.

ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters and HDL Suppress Hematopoietic Stem Cell Proliferation (25 June 2010)
L. Yvan-Charvet et al.
Pathways that reduce cholesterol in atherosclerosis also suppress increased immune cell numbers associated with the disease.
See related Perspective


MICROBIOLOGY/VIROLOGY

Permissive Secondary Mutations Enable the Evolution of Influenza Oseltamivir Resistance (4 June 2010)
J. D. Bloom et al.
Compensatory mutations offset the structural costs of acquiring a drug-resistance mutation in a virus.
See related Perspective

Asymmetrical Distribution of the Second Messenger c-di-GMP upon Bacterial Cell Division (4 June 2010)
M. Christen et al.
Genetically encoded biosensors visualize the dynamics of a global signaling molecule within bacterial cells.

Exploitation of the Intestinal Microflora by the Parasitic Nematode Trichuris muris (11 June 2010)
K. S. Hayes et al.
Intestinal worm parasites rely on gut bacteria to trigger egg hatching and establish infection.

c-di-AMP Secreted by Intracellular Listeria monocytogenes Activates a Host Type I Interferon Response (25 June 2010)
J. J. Woodward et al.
Within the host cell, a small secondary signaling molecule from a pathogen triggers a pathway of innate immunity.


MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Target RNA–Directed Trimming and Tailing of Small Silencing RNAs (18 June 2010)
S. L. Ameres et al.
Animal microRNAs have reduced complementarity to their targets to avoid their own degradation.
See related Perspective

Down-Regulation of a Host MicroRNA by a Herpesvirus saimiri Noncoding RNA (18 June 2010)
D. Cazalla et al.
A viral noncoding RNA regulates the level of a complementary host-cell microRNA.
See related Perspective

A Novel miRNA Processing Pathway Independent of Dicer Requires Argonaute2 Catalytic Activity (25 June 2010)
D. Cifuentes et al.
The unusual secondary structure of a precursor microRNA determines its noncanonical processing.


IMMUNOLOGY

Defective Cross-Presentation of Viral Antigens in GILT-Free Mice (11 June 2010)
R. Singh and P. Cresswell
Thiol reductase in dendritic cells processes disulfide-containing viral proteins for recognition by killer T cells.

Reversible Microbial Colonization of Germ-Free Mice Reveals the Dynamics of IgA Immune Responses (25 June 2010)
S. Hapfelmeier et al.
Immunoglobulin responses against nonpathogenic bacteria in the gut are specific for the resident microbial flora.
See related Perspective


BIOCHEMISTRY

Control of Membrane Protein Topology by a Single C-Terminal Residue (25 June 2010)
S. Seppälä et al.
The orientation of a multispanning inner membrane protein can be engineered by a single positively charged residue.
See related Perspective